Birmingham, Iowa

July 4th, 2009

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Birmingham, Iowa
Location of Birmingham, Iowa
Location of Birmingham, Iowa
Coordinates: 40°52?43?N 91°56?48?W? / ?40.87861°N 91.94667°W? / 40.87861; -91.94667
Country  United States
State  Iowa
County Van Buren
Area
 - Total 1.1 sq mi (2.7 km2)
 - Land 1.1 sq mi (2.7 km2)
 - Water 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation 755 ft (230 m)
Population (2000)
 - Total 423
 - Density 402.5/sq mi (155.4/km2)
Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP code 52535
Area code(s) 319
FIPS code 19-06625
GNIS feature ID 0454645

Birmingham is a city in Van Buren County, Iowa, United States. The population was 423 at the 2000 census.

Contents

  • 1 Geography
  • 2 Demographics
  • 3 References
  • 4 External links

Geography

Birmingham is located at 40°52′43″ North, 91°56′48″ West (40.878626, -91.946610).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.0 square miles (2.7 km²), of which, 1.0 square miles (2.7 km²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 423 people, 185 households, and 120 families residing in the city. The population density was 402.5 people per square mile (155.5/km²). There were 204 housing units at an average density of 194.1/sq mi (75.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.53% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.24% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 185 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 109.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,406, and the median income for a family was $40,250. Males had a median income of $27,614 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,554. 8.8% of the population and 3.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.1% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

References

  1. ^ “US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 
  2. ^ “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 

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Joshua Gardner (disambiguation)

July 4th, 2009



























Joshua Gardner (disambiguation)

Jump to: navigation, search

Joshua Gardner may refer to:

  • Joshua Gardner, the American student posing as the Duke of Cleveland
  • Joshua Gardner (sea captain), British sea captain and discoverer of Gardner Island
  • Josh Gardner, footballer
  • Josh Gardner (comedian)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Gardner_(disambiguation)”
Categories: Human name disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

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Super Mario Land

July 3rd, 2009

Super Mario Land

North American boxart
Developer(s) Nintendo R&D1
Publisher(s) Nintendo
Designer(s) Satoru Okada
Composer(s) Hirokazu “Hip” Tanaka
Series Mario
Engine A variation of the Super Mario Bros. engine
Platform(s) Game Boy
Release date(s) JP April 21, 1989 (1989-04-21)
NA July 31, 1989 (1989-07-31)
EU September 28, 1990 (1990-09-28)
Genre(s) Platform
Mode(s) Single-player
Rating(s) ESRB: K-A
(Rereleases rated E)
Media 512-kilobit cartridge

Super Mario Land (?????????? S?p? Mario Rando?) is a platforming video game developed by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld game console. It debuted in Japan on April 21, 1989, in the United States in July 31, 1989, and in Europe on September 28, 1990. Super Mario Land marked Mario’s first appearance on the Game Boy and is the first true Mario game for the system. The game was a launch title for the Game Boy in Japan and North America.

The game drove initial sales of the Game Boy, and has sold over 18 million copies in total,. Super Mario Land was also the first game of the Mario series produced by Gunpei Yokoi.

Contents

  • 1 Gameplay
  • 2 Plot
  • 3 Development
    • 3.1 Track List
  • 4 Reception and legacy
  • 5 Sequels
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links

Gameplay


A level in the Easton kingdom of Super Mario Land.

The gameplay of Super Mario Land is similar to that of Super Mario Bros. and its successor for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Like in the previous games, the player takes over the role of Mario. The ultimate objective is to defeat Tatanga the “Mysterious Spaceman” and save Princess Daisy. However, there are some differences from earlier Mario games as well. Many of the previous characters do not make an appearance, such as Bowser, Luigi or Princess Peach.

Mario’s primary attack is to jump on top of his enemies, which normally kills them. However, there are a few antagonists who cannot be defeated in this manner or may even cause damage to Mario if he jumps on them. A form of Koopa alternative (called “Nokobon”; “Noko” being the Japanese name for “Koopa” and “Bon” possibly meaning “bomb”) makes its debut. Its difference is that when Mario jumps on one, instead of having a kickable shell, its shell explodes a few seconds after. Power-ups like the Super Mushroom work like normal, but the Fire Flower enables Mario to throw “superballs” which fly at a 45-degree angle and ricochet off floors, walls and ceilings, rather than throwing traditional fireballs. They can also be used to collect coins. Unlike other Mario games, Mario does not stop in midair upon collecting power-ups, nor does he when he takes damage.

In level six and level twelve, Mario does not walk but rides in either a submarine or an airplane, respectively. In these levels, there is no Super Flower because Mario can shoot the entire time. He still can grow up by getting a Super Mushroom or become invincible by getting a Starman. During these levels, the screen constantly scrolls forward until it reaches the boss at the end, and it is not possible to slow it down or stop it. Mario can either be killed by an enemy or when he gets stuck and the display overtakes him.


Mario in the Muda Kingdom, an aquatic-based world.

The game consists of twelve levels split across four worlds. At the end of every level, there is a tower with an access at the top and at the bottom. If Mario can reach the upper access, there is a bonus level in which the player can win a power-up by guiding Mario with a ladder to the right level. Mario then either wins one, two, or three 1-ups, or a Super Flower. If he only reaches the lower access, the game continues normally. At the end of every third level, Mario has to fight a boss by either battling them or passing them and reaching a point behind them that will end the battle. After the game is completed, the game returns to the title screen. However, the mushroom cursor next to “Start” changes to an image of Mario’s head, meaning that the player can play in Hard Mode. If the game is finished in Hard Mode, the game goes back to the title screen and this time, allows the player to choose which stage he wishes to start in, allowing for replay of any particular stage.

Plot

The story of Super Mario Land is set in the peaceful realm of Sarasaland, which is split into the four kingdoms of Birabuto, Muda, Easton, and Chai. One day, a mysterious alien named Tatanga appears and hypnotizes the inhabitants of Sarasaland. He kidnaps Princess Daisy in order to marry her. Mario then sets out to rescue her from Tatanga, traveling through the four geographical areas of Sarasaland defeating his minions along the way, as well as finding monsters that pretend to be Daisy in order to fool Mario. He finally corners Tatanga in the skies of the Chai kingdom, bringing down his alien warship and rescuing Daisy.

Development

Super Marioland
Soundtrack by Mario Freaks Orchestra
Released September 1, 1989 (1989-09)
Genre Video Game
Length 34:54
Language Japanese
Label Columbia Records
Producer Hirokazu “Hip” Tanaka (Composer)
Ikuro Fujiwara (Arranger)

The soundtrack was composed by Hirokazu “Hip” Tanaka, who had composed music for other Nintendo games in the past. The soundtrack was released in Japan on September of that same year.

Track List

  1. “Mario Adventures I”
  2. “Mario Adventures II”
  3. “Underground”
  4. “Shooting”
  5. “Chinese”
  6. “Muteki”
  7. “Fight”
  8. “Oh! Daisy”
  9. “Ending”
  10. “Super Mario Land Original BGM Medley”

Reception and legacy

 Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator Score
GameRankings 74.2%
Review scores
Publication Score
Allgame 4/5 stars
Electronic Gaming Monthly 7.75
GameSpot 8.3
Mean Machines 90%

Super Mario Land sold 18.4 million copies, making it the third highest selling game of the Mario Series and the fourth highest selling game for the Game Boy. As a result of its success, it was re-released in 1996 as part of the Game Boy ‘Player’s Choice’ series of games that have sold over one million units. Official Nintendo Magazine later named the game one of the best Nintendo games of all time, ranking it 73rd on their list of the top 100.

Receptions of the game were generally positive. It holds an average rating of 8.1/10 and 9.2/10 respectively at IGN, as well as an average rating of 8.3/10 and 7.3/10 respectively at GameSpot. Justin Searls of Nintendojo wrote that Super Mario Land continues the brilliance of its predecessor and gave it a 9 out of 10. However, he remarked that the game was “very similar to the original Mario Brothers. It seems that the Mario sprites are almost identical to its predecessor.” Also, some reviewers criticized the control, finding it too imprecise compared to the other Mario games.

ScrewAttack declared Super Mario Land the ninth best ‘Mario’ Game.

Sequels

The game launched one main sequel that shares the Mario Land title as well as the first Wario Land game, which later launched a franchise of its own.

  • Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins
  • Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3

References

  1. ^ Calderon, Anthony. The Nintendo Development Structure N-Sider Retrieved on 2008-03-13
  2. ^ Nintendo published Game Boy listing Nintendo. Retrieved on 2008-03-15
  3. ^ Complete Game Boy Games List Nintendo. Retrieved on 2008-03-18
  4. ^ “Super Mario Land Release Info”. Moby Games. 1999-03-01. http://www.mobygames.com/game/gameboy/super-mario-land/release-info. Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 
  5. ^ a b “Mario Sales Data”. Gamecubicle. http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm. Retrieved on 2006-02-10. 
  6. ^ Nintendo (1989) (in English). Super Mario Land Instruction Booklet. Nintendo of America, Inc.. 
  7. ^ a b Game Rankings page on Super Mario Land. Retrieved on 2008-03-13
  8. ^ allgame ((( Super Mario Land > Overview ))) Retrieved on 2008-04-28
  9. ^ Gamespot Other Reviews page for Super Mario Land Retrieved on 2008-03-12
  10. ^ Mean Machines review of Super Mario Land (archive) Retrieved on 2008-03-13
  11. ^ “All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games”. 2005-05-23. http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm. Retrieved on 2006-12-01. 
  12. ^ East, Tom (2009-02-19). “Feature: 100 Best Nintendo Games”. ONM. http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/article.php?id=7206. Retrieved on 2009-03-18. 
  13. ^ “Super Mario Land”. IGN. 2002-07-09. http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/008/008816.html. 
  14. ^ “Super Mario Land”. GameSpot. 1996-05-01. http://www.gamespot.com/gameboy/action/supermarioland/index.html?q=super%20mario%20land. 
  15. ^ Searls, Justin. “Super Mario Land Review”. Nintendojo. http://www.nintendojo.com/reviews/GB/view_item.php?961948800. 
  16. ^ “Super Mario Land Review”. Game Rankings. 2003-12-10. http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=486405. 
  17. ^ “Super Mario Land Review”. Game Rankings. 2006-10-25. http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=656137. 
  18. ^ Vavra, Chris (2002-10-10). “Super Mario Land Review”. Game Rankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=268191. 
  19. ^ Gametrailers.com - ScrewAttack - Top Ten Mario Games

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Lysapsus caraya

July 3rd, 2009

Lysapsus caraya
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hylidae
Genus: Lysapsus
Species: L. caraya
Binomial name
Lysapsus caraya
Gallardo, 1964

Lysapsus caraya is a species of frog in the Hylidae family. It is found in Brazil and possibly Bolivia. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.

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Innocente Alessandri

July 3rd, 2009

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Innocente Alessandri (born c. 1740) was an Italian engraver, born in Venice, and was instructed by Francesco Bartolozzi, before that artist left Italy.

He executed prints, among which are the following: Virgin Mary, with the guardian angel and the souls in Purgatory after Sebastiano Ricci; four prints, representing Astronomy, Geometry, Music, and Painting, after Domenico Maggiotto; a Virgin Mary with a glory of angels after Giambattista Piazzetta; The Annunciation, after François Lemoyne; and fourteen Landscapes and a Flight into Egypt after Marco Ricci.

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Naomi Childers

July 3rd, 2009

Naomi Childers (15 November 18929 May 1964) was a silent film actress whose career lasted until the mid-20th century.

Contents

  • 1 English ancestry, child actress
  • 2 Hollywood films
  • 3 Physical beauty
  • 4 Marriages
  • 5 Poverty and death
  • 6 References

English ancestry, child actress

She was born of English parentage in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Later in life she took pride in being descended from a long line of British ancestors. Her childhood was spent in St. Louis, Missouri where she was educated in the Maryville convent. Childers began acting at the age of three, reciting at a notable function. She played a Chopin number at an adult recital at the age of eight. When she was ten Childers performed the title roles, in both Red Riding Hood and Alice in Wonderland, at the Odeon Theater in St. Louis. In 1912 she played in The Great Name and Madame X. The theatrical presentations featured Henry Kolker and Dorothy Donelly. On Broadway Childers appeared in Ready Money.

Hollywood films

Childers was in movies beginning in 1913. She appeared in The Turn of the Road (1915) and The Writing on the Wall (1916). She was associated with the Vitagraph company for four years. Her most popular role was in Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation. In this film she performed a most modern characterization of Joan of Arc. In 1917 she began working with the Commonwealth Company. Childers possessed a preference for comedy, yet she was in constant demand to play more serious roles. Her character work in motion pictures was a strong asset. In the 1919 Sam Goldwyn film Lord and Lady Algy, Childers was cast in the leading feminine role. She depicted the wife of the young Lord Algy, played by Tom Moore. As a titled Englishwoman she revealed a cold exterior, but retained a warm nature.

Physical beauty

Childers had golden hair and deep blue eyes. Her loveliness was highly regarded. Once she was voted the most beautiful woman in Japan. Her physical resemblance to Sarah Bernhardt was commented upon in news items. Artists all over America called her the girl with the Grecian face. She was employed as a model numerous times.

Marriages

In 1919 Childers became engaged to Harold Darling Shattuck, the head of a large candy making company. Their wedding was scheduled for June, but was postponed until fall, because Childers was in Texas for an event. The actress referred to her fiancee as her Chocolate Soldier.

In December 1929 she was given a divorce from Luther A. Reed, Hollywood scenario writer and motion picture director, on grounds of desertion. The superior court of Los Angeles, California awarded Childers custody of an eight-year-old son and granted $250 a month alimony. Childers alleged Reed deserted her following nine years of married life.

Poverty and death

When Louis B. Mayer discovered Childers had come into hard times in later years, he granted her a lifetime contract from MGM. She continued to play numerous, often uncredited, roles into the early 1950s. Childers died in Hollywood, California in 1964, age 71. She is buried at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

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Central location test

July 3rd, 2009



























Central location test

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Central location tests are product marketing tests performed in controlled environments, contrary to home-user tests, which take place where the products would actually be used.

Central Location Test (CLT) is one of in which the research is conducted in a premises such as a room in a shopping mall. Consumers would be recruited to participate in a research product on the shopping mall and the research would be conducted and completed at that time.

 This marketing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_location_test”
Categories: Marketing stubs | Market research

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Parada

July 3rd, 2009



























Parada

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Parada may refer to:

  • The Paradas, a tribe in ancient Central Asia.
  • Parada (dance move) in Argentine Tango
  • There are several parishes and hamlets that have the name Parada in Portugal:
    • Parada (Alfândega da Fé), a parish in the district of Alfândega da Fé
    • Parada (Almeida), a parish in the district of Almeida
    • Parada (Arcos de Valdevez), a parish in the district of Arcos de Valdevez
    • Parada (Bragança), a parish in the district of Bragança
    • Parada (Carregal do Sal), a parish in the district of Carregal do Sal
    • Parada (Monção), a parish in the district of Monção
    • Parada (Paredes de Coura), a parish in the district of Paredes de Coura
    • Parada (Vila do Conde), a parish in the district of Vila do Conde
    • Parada de Cima, a hamlet in the parish of Fonte de Angeão, district of Aveiro

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parada”
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

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Hark the Herald Angels Sing (Rebecca St. James song)

July 3rd, 2009

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Hark the Herald Angels Sing (Rebecca St. James song)

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“Hark the Herald Angels Sing”
Single by Rebecca St. James
Released 2005
Format iTunes
Recorded  ?
Genre Christian pop and rock, CCM
Length 4:22
Label ForeFront Records
Rebecca St. James singles chronology
“Alive”
(2005)
“Hark the Herald Angels Sing”
(2005)
“You Are Loved”
(2005)

Hark the Herald Angels Sing” is a single from Christian pop and rock artist Rebecca St. James. iTunes released it for download on November 29, 2005.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hark_the_Herald_Angels_Sing_(Rebecca_St._James_song)”
Categories: 2005 singles | Rebecca St. James songs

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Bulevardul Magheru

July 3rd, 2009


Magheru Boulevard, just south of Pia?a Roman?


Magheru Boulevard, toward Pia?a Roman?


Magheru Boulevard, looking away from the University of Bucharest, in the interwar period

Bulevardul Gheorghe Magheru is a boulevard in central Bucharest, located between Pia?a Roman? and Bulevardul Nicolae B?lcescu, which leads to the University Square. It is named after General Gheorghe Magheru, a Romanian revolutionary and soldier from Wallachia.

Formerly known as Bulevardul Take Ionescu and Bulevardul Br?tianu, it was build in the early 20th century as a prolongation of Bulevardul Col?ei. Renting commercial spaces on Magheru Boulevard costs about 1500€/m²/year, making it the 30th most expensive street in the world, according to Cushman & Wakefield.

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