NRG Media is a media company headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It was founded on March 1, 2005, as a result of a merger of NewRadio Group and the radio assets of Waitt Media. At its inception it was the seventh largest radio company in the USA. NRG owns and operates 54 radio stations in four Midwestern states. With the exception of their stations in Omaha, Grand Island/Kearney, and Lincoln, Nebraska and Wausau-Stevens Point, Wisconsin, NRG owns properties in small or medium, unrated markets.
Mary Quass is NRG Media’s President/CEO.
Former properties
Waitt Radio Networks (purchased by Triton Media Group)
See also
WMQA-FM and WLKD, two NRG-owned radio stations in Minocqua, Wisconsin
External links
NRG Media
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Media”
Categories: Broadcasting companies of the United States | Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
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Korytów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina K?odzko, within K?odzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of K?odzko and 81 km (50 mi) south of the regional capital Wroc?aw.
References
^“Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)” (in Polish). 2008-06-01. http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa.
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A portrait of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (also known as Russian: ?????? ????????? ?????????????; Faddey Faddeyevich Bellinsgauzen) (20 September 1778–25 January 1852) served as a naval officer of the Russian Empire and commanded the second Russian expedition to circumnavigate the globe. During this expedition Bellingshausen became one of three Europeans to first see the continent of Antarctica.
Contents
1Biography
2Named in his honor
3See also
4References
5External links
Biography
Born to a Baltic German family in Lahetaguse manor (in German: Lahhentagge), now in Salme Parish, Saare County (Ösel), Estonia—then part of the Russian Empire—Bellingshausen enlisted as a cadet in the Imperial Russian Navy at the age of ten. After graduating from the Kronstadt naval academy at age eighteen, he rapidly rose to the rank of captain. A great admirer of Cook’s voyages, he served from 1803 in the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth. The vessel Nadezhda (”Hope”) was commanded by Krusenstern, completing the mission in 1806. Von Bellingshausen’s career continued with the command of various ships in the Baltic and Black Seas.
When Czar Alexander I authorized an expedition to the south polar region in 1819, the authorities selected Bellingshausen to lead it. Leaving Portsmouth on September 5, 1819 with two ships, the 600-ton corvette Vostok (”East”) and the 530-ton support vessel Mirnyi (”Peaceful”) (captained by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev), the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle (the first to do so since Cook) on January 26, 1820. On January 28, 1820 (New Style) the expedition discovered the Antarctic mainland approaching the Antarctic coast at a point with coordinates 69º21′28″S 2º14′50″W and seeing ice-fields there. The point in question lies within twenty miles of the Antarctic mainland. Bellingshausen’s diary, his report to the Russian Naval Minister on 21 July 1821 and other documents, available in the Russian State Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in Saint Petersburg, Russia, were carefully compared with the log-books of other claimants by the British polar historian A. G. E. Jones in his 1982 study ‘Antarctica Observed’. Jones concluded that Bellingshausen, rather than the Royal Navy’s Edward Bransfield on 30 January 1820 or the American Nathaniel Palmer on 17 November 1820, was indeed the discoverer of the sought-after Terra Australis. During the voyage Bellingshausen also visited Ship Cove in New Zealand, the South Shetland Islands, and discovered and named Peter I, Zavodovski, Leskov and Visokoi Islands, and a peninsula of the Antarctic mainland which he named the Alexander Coast but which has more recently borne the designation of Alexander Island. Bellingshausen Island in the South Sandwich Islands is named after him. The Faddey Islands in the Laptev Sea are named after Bellingshausen’s first name.
The expedition also made discoveries and observations in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Returning to Kronstadt on 4 August 1821 to no great acclaim, Bellingshausen continued to serve his tsar. He fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 and attained the rank of admiral. He became the military governor of Kronstadt (from 1839) and died there in 1852.
After the discovery of Antarctica in 1821 Gottlieb had formed secret Sovereign Order of knights (Knight of Ice) to protect his conquered continent.The then Tsar Alexander I had not rewarded him well for his discovery of continent so he formed the secret socity of Chivalry known as Sovereign order of Knights of Antarctica.
A minor planet 3659 Bellingshausen, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh in 1969 is named after him. There is a memorial stone of von Bellingshausen on the previous site (on the ruins) of Lahhentagge/Lahetaguse manor in Oesel/Saaremaa.
Named in his honor
Bellingshausen Island in the south Atlantic Ocean.
Bellingshausen Sea in the Southern Ocean
Bellingshausen Station, a Russian (former Soviet) base on King George Island, Antarctica
Bellingshausen Plate, an ancient tectonic plate
Bellinsgauzen, a crater on the Far side of the Moon
Motu One (Society Islands), also known as Bellinghausen, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean
See also
History of Antarctica
Faddey Islands
References
^A.H. McLintock, ed (1966). “Ship Cove”. An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manat? Taonga, Government of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/S/ShipCove/ShipCove/en. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 308. ISBN 3540002383. http://books.google.com/books?q=3659+Bellingshausen+1969+TE2.
External links
70South - information on Fabian von Bellingshausen
?????????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????… Bellingshausen’s book in Russian with details on the Antarctic expedition led by him
Biography (in Russian)
A map of his Antarctic expedition (in Russian), attention - all dates there are Julian
the page of Pilguse (Hoheneichen) manor from Estonian Manors Portal owned by the von Bellingshausens
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen”
Categories: 1778 births | 1852 deaths | People from Saare County | Explorers of Antarctica | Imperial Russian Navy admirals | Russian and Soviet polar explorers | Russian explorers | Circumnavigators of the globe | Baltic Germans | German Russians | People from the Governorate of Estonia | 19th-century Estonian people | Recipients of the Order of Saint George IV ClassHidden categories: Articles containing Russian language text
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Vayigash or Vaigash (???? — Hebrew for “and he drew near” or “then he drew near,” the first word of the parshah) is the eleventh weekly Torah portion (parshah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 44:18–47:27. Jews in the Diaspora read it the eleventh Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in December or January.
Joseph Recognized by His Brothers (1863 painting by Léon Pierre Urbain Bourgeois)
Judah approached Joseph, whom he likened to Pharaoh, and recounted how Joseph had asked the brothers whether they had a father or brother, and they had told him that they had a father who was an old man, and a child of his old age who was a little one, whose brother was dead, who alone was left of his mother, and whose father loved him. (Genesis 44:18–20.) Judah recalled how Joseph had told the brothers to bring their younger brother down to Egypt, they had told Joseph that the lad’s leaving would kill his father, but Joseph had insisted. (Genesis 44:21–23.) Judah recalled how the brothers had told their father Joseph’s words, and when their father had told them to go again to buy a little food, they had reminded him that they could not go down without their youngest brother. (Genesis 44:24–26.) Judah recounted how their father had told them that his wife had born him two sons, one had gone out and was torn in pieces, and if they took the youngest and harm befell him, it would bring down his gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. (Genesis 44:27–29.) Judah explained to Joseph that if Judah were to come to his father without the lad, seeing that his father’s soul was bound up with the lad’s, then his father would die in sorrow. (Genesis 44:30–31.) And Judah told how he had become surety for the lad, and thus asked Joseph to allow him to remain a bondman to Joseph instead of the lad, for how could he go up to his father if the lad was not with him? (Genesis 44:32–34.)
Joseph identified by his brothers (1789 painting by Charles Thévenin)
Joseph Forgives His Brothers (illustration from a Bible card published 1907 by the Providence Lithograph Company)
Joseph reveals himself
Joseph could no longer control his emotions and ordered everyone but his brothers to leave the room. (Genesis 45:1.) He wept aloud, and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard. (Genesis 45:2.) Joseph told his brothers that he was Joseph, and asked them whether his father was still alive, but his brothers were too frightened to answer him. (Genesis 45:3.) Joseph asked them to come near, told them that he was Joseph their brother whom they had sold into Egypt, but that they should not be grieved, for God had sent Joseph before them to preserve life. (Genesis 45:4–5.) Joseph recounted how for two years there had been famine in the land, but there would be five more years without harvests. (Genesis 45:6.) But God had sent him before them to save them alive for a great deliverance, so it was not they who sent him to Egypt, but God, who had made him ruler over all Egypt. (Genesis 45:7–8.) Joseph thus directed them to go quickly to his father and convey that God had made him lord of all Egypt and his father should come down to live in the land of Goshen and Joseph would sustain him for the five years of famine. (Genesis 45:9–11.) And Joseph and his brother Benjamin wept on each other’s necks, Joseph kissed all his brothers and wept upon them, and after that, his brothers talked with him. (Genesis 45:14–15.)
The report went through Pharaoh’s house that Joseph’s brothers had come, and it pleased Pharaoh. (Genesis 45:16.) Pharaoh directed Joseph to tell his brothers to go to Canaan and bring their father and their households back to Egypt. (Genesis 45:17–18.) Joseph gave his brothers wagons and provisions for the way, and to each man he gave a change of clothes, but to Benjamin he gave 300 shekels of silver and five changes of clothes. (Genesis 45:21–22.) And Joseph sent his father ten donkeys laden with the good things of Egypt, and ten donkeys laden with food. (Genesis 45:23.) So Joseph sent his brothers away, enjoining them not to fall out on the way. (Genesis 45:24.)
Jacob goes to Egypt
Jacob Comes Into Egypt (woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld from the 1860 Die Bibel in Bildern)
The brothers went to their father Jacob in Canaan and told him that Joseph was still alive and ruled over Egypt, but he did not believe them. (Genesis 45:25–26.) They told him what Joseph had said, and when Jacob saw the wagons that Joseph had sent, Jacob revived and said that he would go to see Joseph before he died. (Genesis 45:27–28.)
Jacob journeyed to Beersheba with all that he had and offered sacrifices to God. (Genesis 46:1.) God spoke to Jacob in a dream, saying that Jacob should not fear to go to Egypt, for God would go with him, make a great nation of him, and also surely bring him back. (Genesis 46:2–4.) Jacob’s sons carried him, their little ones, and their wives in the wagons that Pharaoh had sent. (Genesis 46:5.) They took their cattle and their goods and came to Egypt, Jacob’s entire family, 70 men in all, including Joseph and his two children. (Genesis 46:6–27.) Jacob sent Judah before him to show the way to Goshen. (Genesis 46:28.) Joseph went up to Goshen in his chariot to meet Jacob, and fell on his neck and wept. (Genesis 46:29.) Jacob told Joseph that now he could die, since he had seen Joseph’s face. (Genesis 46:30.)
Joseph and His Brethren Welcomed by Pharaoh (watercolor by James Tissot)
Joseph told his brothers that he would go tell Pharaoh that his brothers had come, that they kept cattle, and that they had brought their flocks, herds, and all their possessions. (Genesis 46:31–32.) Joseph instructed them that when Pharaoh asked them their occupation, they should say that they were keepers of cattle, for shepherds were an abomination to the Egyptians. (Genesis 46:33–34.)
Joseph told Pharaoh that his family had arrived in the land of Goshen, and presented five of his brothers to Pharaoh. (Genesis 47:1–2.) Pharaoh asked the brothers what their occupation was, and they told Pharaoh that they were shepherds and asked to live in the land of Goshen. (Genesis 47:3–4.) Pharaoh told Joseph that his family could live in the best of the land, in Goshen, and if he knew any able men among them, then he could appoint them to watch over Pharaoh’s cattle. (Genesis 47:5–6.) Joseph set Jacob before Pharaoh, and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. (Genesis 47:7.) Pharaoh asked Jacob how old he was, and Jacob answered that he was 130 years old and that few and evil had been the years of his life. (Genesis 47:8–9.) Jacob blessed Pharaoh and left. (Genesis 47:10.)
Joseph Overseer of the Pharoahs Granaries (1874 paiting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema)
Joseph placed his father and brothers in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded, and sustained them with bread while the famine became sore in the land. (Genesis 47:11–13.)
Joseph gathered all the money in Egypt and Canaan selling grain and brought the money into Pharaoh’s house. (Genesis 47:14.) When the Egyptians exhausted their money and asked Joseph for bread, Joseph sold them bread in exchange for all their animals. (Genesis 47:15–17.) When they had no more animals, they offered to sell their land to Joseph and become bondmen in exchange for bread. (Genesis 47:18–19.) So Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh — except for that of the priests, who had a portion from Pharaoh — and in exchange for seed, Joseph made all the Egyptians bondmen. (Genesis 47:20–23.) At harvest time, Joseph collected for Pharaoh a fifth part of all the people harvested, and it continued as a statute in Egypt that Pharaoh should have a fifth of all produced outside of the priests’ land. (Genesis 47:24–26.) And Israel lived in Egypt, in the land of Goshen, accumulated possessions, and was fruitful and multiplied. (Genesis 47:27.)
In inner-biblical interpretation
Genesis chapter 45
Joseph’s explanation in Genesis 45:5 that God sent him to Egypt before his brothers to preserve life finds an echo in Genesis 50:20, where Joseph told his brothers that they meant evil against him, but God meant it for good to save the lives of many people. Similarly, Psalm 105:16–17 reports that God called a famine upon the land and sent Joseph before the children of Israel.
Genesis chapter 47
Jacob’s blessing of Pharaoh in Genesis 47:7 enacts the promise of Genesis 12:3, 22:18, 26:4, and 28:14 that through Abraham’s descendants would other families of the earth be blessed.
The report of Genesis 47:27 that the Israelites were fruitful and multiplied finds an echo in Exodus 1:7.
In early nonrabbinic interpretation
Genesis chapter 44
Philo observed that having attained authority and presented with the opportunity to avenge his brothers’ ill-treatment of him, Joseph nonetheless bore what happened with self-restraint and governed himself. (On Joseph 28:166.)
In classical rabbinic interpretation
Genesis chapter 44
A Midrash taught that, as reported in the words “Judah came near to him” in Genesis 44:18, Judah did not cease from answering Joseph word for word until he penetrated to his very heart. (Genesis Rabbah 93:4.) Rabbi Judah taught that in the words of Genesis 44:18, “Judah came near” for battle, as in 2 Samuel 10:13, where it says: “So Joab and the people that were with him drew near to battle.” Rabbi Nehemiah said that “Judah came near” for conciliation, as in Joshua 14:6, where it says that “the children of Judah drew near to Joshua” to conciliate him. The Rabbis said that coming near implies prayer, as in 1 Kings 18:36, where it says that “Elijah the prophet came near” to pray to God. Rabbi Leazar combined all these views, teaching that “Judah came near to him” ready for battle, conciliation, or prayer. (Genesis Rabbah 93:6.)
Rab Judah asked in the name of Rab why Joseph referred to himself as “bones” during his lifetime (in Genesis 50:25), and explained that it was because he did not protect his father’s honor when in Genesis 44:31 his brothers called Jacob “your servant our father” and Joseph failed to protest. And Rab Judah also said in the name of Rab (and others say that it was Rabbi Hama bar Hanina who said) that Joseph died before his brothers because he put on superior airs. (Babylonian Talmud Sotah 13b.)
Joseph Makes Himself Known to His Brethren (engraving by Gustave Doré from the 1865 La Sainte Bible)
Eliezer ben Matiah, Hananiah ben Kinai, Simeon ben Azzai, and Simeon the Yemenite deduced from Judah’s offer to remain instead of Benjamin in Genesis 44:33 that Judah merited the kingship because of his humility. (Tosefta Berakhot 4:18.)
Joseph Reveals His Identity (1816–1817 painting by Peter von Cornelius)
Genesis chapter 45
Rabbi Hama bar Hanina and Rabbi Samuel ben Nahmani differed about how prudent it was for Joseph to clear the room in Genesis 45:1. Rabbi Hama thought that Joseph acted imprudently, for one of them could have kicked him and killed him on the spot. But Rabbi Samuel said that Joseph acted rightly and prudently, for he knew the righteousness of his brethren and reasoned that it would not be right to suspect that they might commit bloodshed. (Genesis Rabbah 93:9.)
Rabbi Elazar wept whenever he read Genesis 45:3, for if men became too frightened to answer a wronged brother, how much more frightening will they find God’s rebuke. (Babylonian Talmud Chagigah 4b; Genesis Rabbah 93:10.)
A Midrash taught that “Joseph said to his brethren: ‘Come near to me’” in Genesis 45:4 so that he might show them his circumcision to prove that he was their brother. (Genesis Rabbah 93:10.)
The Tosefta deduced from Genesis 45:6 that before Jacob went down to Egypt there was famine there, but after he arrived, as Genesis 47:23 reports, they sowed the land with seed. (Tosefta Sotah 10:9.)
Rabbi Levi used Genesis 37:2, 41:46, and 45:6 to calculate that Joseph’s dreams that his brothers would bow to him took 22 years to come true, and deduced that a person should thus wait for as much as 22 years for a positive dream’s fulfillment. (Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 55b.) Rav Huna in the name of Rabbi Joshua used Genesis 45:6 as a mnemonic for calculating what year it was in the Sabbatical cycle of seven years. (Babylonian Talmud Avodah Zarah 9b.) The Gemara used Genesis 45:6 to help calculate (among other things) that Jacob should have been 116 years old when he came to Egypt, but since Genesis 47:8–9 indicated that Jacob was then 130 years old, the Gemara deduced that the text did not count 14 years that Jacob spent studying in the Academy of Eber. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16b–17a.)
Joseph Makes Himself Known to His Brethren (illustration from the 1728 Figures de la Bible)
Rabbi Elazar interpreted Joseph’s reference to Benjamin in Genesis 45:12 to mean that just as Joseph bore no malice against his brother Benjamin (who had no part in selling Joseph to Egypt), so Joseph had no malice against his other brothers. And Rabbi Elazar interpreted Joseph’s reference to his mouth in Genesis 45:12 to mean that Joseph’s words reflected what was in his heart. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16b.) A Midrash interpreted Joseph’s reference to his mouth in Genesis 45:12 to mean that Joseph asked them to note that he spoke in Hebrew. (Genesis Rabbah 93:10.)
Joseph Reveals Himself to His Brothers (woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld from the 1860 Die Bibel in Bildern)
Rabbi Elazar noted that Genesis 45:14 uses the plural form of the word “necks” and asked how many necks Benjamin had. Rabbi Elazar deduced that Joseph wept on Benjamin’s neck for the two Temples that were destined to be in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin and be destroyed. And Rabbi Elazar deduced that Benjamin wept on Joseph’s neck for the tabernacle of Shiloh that was destined to be in the territory of the tribe of Joseph and be destroyed. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16b; see also Genesis Rabbah 93:10.)
Examining Genesis 45:22, the Gemara asked whether Joseph repeated his father’s mistake of favoring one sibling over the others. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16a–b.) Rabbi Benjamin bar Japhet said that Joseph was hinting to Benjamin that one of his descendants, Mordecai, would appear before a king in five royal garments, as Esther 8:15 reports. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16b.)
Rabbi Benjamin bar Japhet in the name of Rabbi Elazar deduced from Genesis 45:23 that Joseph sent Jacob aged wine, which the Rabbi reported pleases the elderly. (Babylonian Talmud Megilah 16b.)
A Midrash told that when Joseph was young, he used to study Torah with Jacob. When Joseph’s brothers told Jacob in Genesis 45:26 that Joseph was still alive, Jacob did not believe them, but he recalled the subject that Jacob and Joseph had been studying when they last studied together: the passage on the beheaded heifer (??????? ????????, egla arufa) in Deuteronomy 21:1–8. Jacob told the brothers that if Joseph gave them a sign of which subject Joseph and Jacob had last studied together, then Jacob would believe them. Joseph too had remembered what subject they had been studying, so (as Genesis 45:21 reports) he sent Jacob wagons (????????, agalot) so that Jacob might know that the gift came from him. The Midrash thus concluded that wherever Joseph went he studied the Torah, just as his forbears did, even though the Torah had not yet been given. (Genesis Rabbah 95:3.)
Genesis chapter 46
Rab Nahman taught that when Jacob “took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba” in Genesis 46:1, he went to cut down the cedars that Genesis 21:33 reports his grandfather Abraham had planted there. (Genesis Rabbah 94:4.)
The Sifra cited Genesis 22:11, Genesis 46:2, Exodus 3:4, and 1 Samuel 3:10 for the proposition that when God called the name of a prophet twice, God expressed affection and sought to provoke a response. (Sifra 1:4.)
Rabbi Hama bar Hanina cited Genesis 46:4 to prove that one who sees a camel in a dream has been delivered from a death decreed by heaven. In Hebrew, the words in the verse gam aloh resemble the word for camel, gamal. (Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 56b.)
Rabbi Zadok noted that Genesis 46:15 attributed sons to Leah but attributed the daughter Dinah to Jacob, and deduced that the verse thus supported the proposition that if the woman emits her egg first she will bear a son and if the man emits his semen first she will bear a girl. (Babylonian Talmud Nidah 31a.)
Rabbi Samuel ben Nahman taught that Benjamin’s son’s names, as listed in Genesis 46:21, reflected Benjamin’s loss of Joseph. The name Bela signified that Benjamin’s brother was swallowed up (nit-bala) from him; Becher signified that he was a firstborn (bechor); Ashbel signified that he was taken away captive (nishbah); Gera signified that he became a stranger (ger) in a strange country; Naaman signified that his actions were seemly (na’im) and pleasant (ne’im-im); Ehi signified that he indeed was “my brother” (ahi); Rosh signified that he was Benjamin’s superior (rosh); Muppim signified that he was exceedingly attractive (yafeh ‘ad me’od) in all matters; and Huppim signified that Benjamin did not see his marriage-canopy (huppah) and he did not see Benjamin’s; and Ard signified that he was like a rose-bloom (ward). (Genesis Rabbah 93:7.)
Abaye cited the listing for Dan in Genesis 46:23 to demonstrate that sometimes texts refer to “sons” in the plural when they mean a single son. But Rava suggested perhaps the word “Hushim” in Genesis 46:23 was not a name but, as taught by the Academy of Hezekiah, the word “clusters” or “leaves,” thus signifying that Dan’s sons were as numerous as the leaves of a reed. Rava found, however, support in Numbers 26:8 and 1 Chronicles 2:8 for the proposition that sometimes texts refer to “sons” when they mean a single son. (Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 143b.)
Abba Halifa of Keruya asked Rabbi Hiyya bar Abba why Genesis 46:27 reported that 70 people from Jacob’s household came to Egypt, while Genesis 46:8–27 enumerated only 69 individuals. Rabbi Hiyya first argued that the Hebrew word et preceding Dinah in Genesis 46:15 indicated that Dinah had a twin sister, and the twin brought the total to 70. But Abba Halifa responded that if that were so, then the parallel language of Genesis 43:29 would indicate that Benjamin also had a twin sister. Rabbi Hiyya then revealed his real explanation, which he called “a precious pearl”: Rabbi Hama bar Hanina taught that the seventieth person was Moses’ mother Jochebed, who was conceived on the way from Canaan to Egypt and born as Jacob’s family passed between the city walls as they entered Egypt, for Numbers 26:59 reported that Jochebed “was born to Levi in Egypt,” implying that her conception was not in Egypt. (Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 123b–24a; see also 119b–120a.)
Rabbi Nehemiah read the words “to show” in Genesis 46:28 as “to teach,” and thus inferred that Jacob sent Judah to prepare an academy for him in Egypt where he would teach Torah and where the brothers would read Torah. (Genesis Rabbah 95:3.)
Joseph Presents His Father and Brothers to the Pharaoh (painting by Francesco Granacci)
Genesis chapter 47
Rabbi Jose deduced from Genesis 47:6 that the Egyptians befriended the Israelites only for their own benefit. Rabbi Jose noted, however, that the law of Deuteronomy 23:8 nonetheless rewarded the Egyptians for their hospitality. Rabbi Jose concluded that if Providence thus rewarded one with mixed motives, Providence will reward even more one who selflessly shows hospitality to a scholar. (Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 63b.)
Rab Judah in the name of Samuel deduced from Genesis 47:14 that Joseph gathered in and brought to Egypt all the gold and silver in the world. The Gemara noted that Genesis 47:14 says: “And Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan,” and thus spoke about the wealth of only Egypt and Canaan. The Gemara found support for the proposition that Joseph collected the wealth of other countries from Genesis 41:57, which states: “And all the countries came to Egypt to Joseph to buy corn.” The Gemara deduced from the words “and they despoiled the Egyptians” in Exodus 12:36 that when the Israelites left Egypt, they carried that wealth away with them. The Gemara then taught that the wealth lay in Israel until the time of King Rehoboam, when King Shishak of Egypt seized it from Rehoboam, as 1 Kings 14:25–26 reports: “And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem; and he took away the treasures of the house of the Lord, and the treasures of the king’s house.” (Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 119a; see also Avot of Rabbi Natan 41.)
The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, the Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon, and the Tanna Devei Eliyahu praised Joseph, as Genesis 47:14 reports that he “brought the money into Pharaoh’s house” and did not steal any of it. (Mekhilta Beshallah 1; Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon Beshallah 20:3; Tanna Devei Eliyahu Seder Eliyyahu Rabbah 24.)
Resh Lakish deduced from the words “and as for the people, he removed them city by city” in Genesis 47:21 that Joseph exiled the Egyptians from their home cities so that they could not later berate the Hebrews for being exiles. (Babylonian Talmud Chullin 60b.)
Rabbi Abba ben Kahana taught that Joseph inspired the Egyptians with a longing to be circumcised and convert to Judaism. Rabbi Samuel read the words “You have saved our lives” in Genesis 47:26 to mean that Joseph had given them life both in this world and in the World to Come, through acceptance of Judaism. (Genesis Rabbah 90:6.)
Rabbi Johanan taught that wherever Scripture uses the term “And he abode” (vayeshev), as it does in Genesis 47:27, it presages trouble. Thus in Numbers 25:1, “And Israel abode in Shittim” is followed by “and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab.” In Genesis 37:1, “And Jacob dwelt in the land where his father was a stranger, in the land of Canaan,” is followed by Genesis 37:3, “and Joseph brought to his father their evil report.” In Genesis 47:27, “And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the country of Goshen,” is followed by Genesis 47:29, “And the time drew near that Israel must die.” In 1 Kings 5:5, “And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree,” is followed by 1 Kings 11:14, “And the Lord stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite; he was the king’s seed in Edom.” (Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 106a.)
Commandments
According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are no commandments in the parshah. (Maimonides. Mishneh Torah. Cairo, Egypt, 1170–1180. Reprinted in Maimonides. The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, 2 vols. London: Soncino Press, 1967. ISBN 0-900689-71-4. Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of Education. Translated by Charles Wengrov, 1:91. Jerusalem: Feldheim Pub., 1991. ISBN 0-87306-179-9.)
Kingdom of Judah (light green) and Kingdom of Israel (dark green) circa 830 B.C.E.
Haftarah
The haftarah for the parshah is Ezekiel 37:15–28.
Summary
God’s word came to Ezekiel, telling him to write on one stick “For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions,” to write on a second stick “For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and of all the house of Israel his companions,” and to join the two sticks together into one stick to hold in his hand. (Ezekiel 37:15–17.) When people would ask him what he meant by these sticks, he was to tell them that God said that God would take the stick of Joseph, which was in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his companions, and put them together with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick in God’s hand. (Ezekiel 37:18–19.) Ezekiel was to hold the sticks in his hand for people to see, telling them that God said that God would gather the children of Israel from among the nations, wherever they had gone, bring them into their own land, and make them one nation with one king, no longer two nations with two kings. (Ezekiel 37:20–22.) No longer would they defile themselves with idols or transgressions, but God would save them and cleanse them, so that they would be God’s people, and God would be their God. (Ezekiel 37:23.) David would be king over them, and they would have one shepherd and observe God’s statutes. (Ezekiel 37:24.) They and their children, and their children’s children forever, would dwell in the land that God had given Jacob, where their fathers had dwelt, and David would be their prince forever. (Ezekiel 37:25.) God would make an everlasting covenant of peace with them, multiply them, and set God’s sanctuary in the midst of them forever. (Ezekiel 37:26.) God’s dwelling-place would be over them, God would be their God, and they would be God’s people. (Ezekiel 37:27.) And the nations would know that God sanctified Israel, when God’s sanctuary would be in their midst forever. (Ezekiel 37:28.)
Connection to the Parshah
The parshah and the haftarah both tell stories of the reconciliation of Jacob’s progeny. The parshah and the haftarah both tell of the relationship of Judah and Joseph, in the parshah as individuals, and in the haftarah as representatives for the Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel.
A page from a 14th century German Haggadah
In the liturgy
The Passover Haggadah, in the magid section of the Seder, reports that Israel “went down to Egypt — forced to do so by the word ,” and some commentators explain that this statement refers to God’s reassurance to Jacob in Genesis 46:3–4 to “fear not to go down into Egypt; for I will there make of you a great nation. I will go down with you into Egypt.” (Joseph Tabory. JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 90. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8276-0858-0.) Shortly thereafter, the Haggadah quotes Genesis 47:4 for the proposition that Israel did not go down to Egypt to settle, but only to stay temporarily. (Tabory, at 90. Menachem Davis. The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments, 43. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-57819-064-9.)
Further reading
The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
Ancient
Inscription of Ameni. Egypt. 20th Century B.C.E. (response to famine).
Early nonrabbinic
Philo
Ezekiel the Tragedian. Exag?g?. 2nd Century B.C.E. Translated by R.G. Robertson. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 2: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works. Edited by James H. Charlesworth, 808. New York: Anchor Bible, 1985. ISBN 0-385-18813-7.
Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 3:62:177; On the Birth of Abel and the Sacrifices Offered by Him and by His Brother Cain 11:48; 12:51; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 9:29; On Husbandry 13:57; On the Confusion of Tongues 17:80; On the Migration of Abraham 5:21–22; 36:199; 37:203–04; Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? 51:251; On the Change of Names 31:171; 32:173–74; On Dreams, That They Are God-Sent 1:17:172; On Joseph 38–43. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st Century C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, 70, 100, 134, 179, 241, 255, 272–73, 298, 355–56, 380, 435–58. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1993. ISBN 0-943575-93-1.
Josephus
Josephus. Antiquities, 2:6:9–2:7:7. Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston, 63–65. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
Qur’an 12:80–101. Arabia, 7th Century.
Classical rabbinic
Tosefta Berakhot 4:18; Sotah 10:9. Land of Israel, circa 300 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 27, 877. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 2002. ISBN 1-56563-642-2.
Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Beshallah 1–2. Land of Israel, late 4th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 1:130, 136. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. ISBN 1-55540-237-2. And Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Z. Lauterbach, 1:122, 128. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1933, reissued 2004. ISBN 0-8276-0678-8.
Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon Beshallah 20:3, 21:1. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai. Translated by W. David Nelson, 83, 87. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2006. ISBN 0-8276-0799-7.
Genesis Rabbah 39:12; 40:6; 55:8; 63:3; 79:1; 80:11; 82:4; 84:20; 89:9; 90:1, 6; 93:1–96. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Talmud
Leviticus Rabbah 32:5. Land of Israel, 5th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 56b, 63b; Pesachim 119a; Beitzah 16a; Megillah 16a–b; Chagigah 4b; Nazir 3a; Baba Kama 92a; Baba Batra 120a, 123a, 143b; Avodah Zarah 9b; Chullin 60b; Nidah 31a. Babylonia, 6th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 vols. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
Esther Rabbah 7:20.
Song of Songs Rabbah 1:56; 4:25; 6:20.
Ruth Rabbah 4:1.
Ecclesiastes Rabbah 7:6, 33; 9:12.
Medieval
Avot of Rabbi Natan, 41. Circa 700–900 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. Translated by Judah Goldin, 172. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1955. ISBN 0-300-00497-4. The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan: An Analytical Translation and Explanation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 256. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986. ISBN 1-55540-073-6.
Deuteronomy Rabbah 1:13. Land of Israel, 9th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Deuteronomy. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Exodus Rabbah 3:3, 4, 8; 15:16; 18:8; 40:4. 10th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Deuteronomy. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Rashi
Tanna Devei Eliyahu. Seder Eliyyahu Rabbah 24. 10th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Tanna Debe Eliyyahu: The Lore of the School of Elijah. Translated by William G. Braude and Israel J. Kapstein, 285. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1981. ISBN 0-8276-0634-6.
Rashi. Commentary. Genesis 44–47. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 1:493–520. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-89906-026-9.
Numbers Rabbah 3:8; 8:4; 12:2; 13:3, 20; 14:7, 8, 12; 19:3; 22:8. 12th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Numbers. Translated by Judah J. Slotki. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Zohar 1:93b, 119a, 149b, 153b, 180b, 197a, 205a–211b, 216b, 222a, 226a; 2:4b, 16b, 53a, 85a; 3:206a. Spain, late 13th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 vols. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
Mann
Modern
Irving Fineman. Jacob, An Autobiograhical Novel. New York: Random House, 1941.
Thomas Mann. Joseph and His Brothers. Translated by John E. Woods, 257, 274–75, 464, 541–42, 547, 568–69, 663, 668, 672, 717–18, 722, 758, 788, 792–94, 796–97, 803–04, 852–53, 859, 878, 881, 886, 923, 1373–447. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4001-9. Originally published as Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
Anne Frank. The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler; translated by Susan Massotty, 107. New York: Doubleday, 1995. ISBN 0-385-47378-8. Originally published as Het Achterhuis. The Netherlands, 1947. (“As the Benjamin of the Annex, I got more than I deserved.”)
Donald A. Seybold. “Paradox and Symmetry in the Joseph Narrative.” In Literary Interpretations of Biblical Narratives. Edited by Kenneth R.R. Gros Louis, with James S. Ackerman & Thayer S. Warshaw, 59–73. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1974. ISBN 0-687-22131-5.
Kass
Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993. ISBN 1-56000-081-3.
Leon R. Kass. The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis, 593–615. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-4299-8.
Esther Jungreis. Life Is a Test, 247–51. Brooklyn: Shaar Press, 2007. ISBN 1-4226-0609-0.
The AM transmitter in Burg, near Magdeburg, Germany, is a huge facility for longwave and mediumwave broadcasting. Its most dominant constructions are a 324 metre guyed radio mast and two 210 metre guyed steel tube masts.
The 324 metre high mast is a grounded construction with triangular cross section. Until the early 1990s it had a highly effective fading-reducing transmitting antenna in the form of a special cage aerial developed in Russia, known as the ARRT-antenna. It was used for the 1000kW-medium wave transmitter operated on 783 kHz, which was the strongest transmitter of the former GDR, as transmitting antenna. Today this mast has a cage aerial for long wave. Both the 210 metre high tube masts are isolated from the ground. One of the two tube masts can be used as a toe-fed mast antenna for long and medium wave, while the other mast can be used only as a transmitting antenna for the medium-wave band.
As further antenna systems there are still three step-radiating antennas, each of which is supported by two free standing steel framework towers and which served as transmitting antenna for a medium-wave transmitter on the frequency 1575 kHz (shut down at present) and a triangle plane aerial for medium wave.
From 1967 to 1976 there was also another 350 metre high radio mast for long wave, the steel tube lattice mast SL3, which was used for transmitting the program of Radio Wolga. In order not to affect the radiation field of the other masts, this radio mast was placed at a distance of 2.2 kilometres from the other masts near the road from Burg to Grabow, in the neighbourhood of Gütter, part of Burg. It collapsed on February 18, 1976, because of a defective bolt and was not rebuilt. As a replacement, one of the two 210 metre high steel tube masts was converted in such a way that it could also broadcast the program of Radio Wolga (and later also of Radioropa Info) in the long-wave range. There are still some remains of the basements of the radio mast SL3 today.
In the 1960s some propaganda transmitters, as German military transmitters, were operated on the site of the AM transmitter Burg.
See also
List of masts
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burg transmitter
This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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War FTP Daemon (often called warftp or warftpd) is a free FTP server for Windows. When it was first released in 1996, it was the first free FTP server on this software platform. Warftpd has received lots of awards over the years, and is still popular, even if the current version (1.8*) is a bit outdated. Warftpd has been packed with features since the start, and it has been considered very secure. Security related issues are usually resolved within 24 hours from when a problem is reported.
The next version, version 3, has been under development since 2000. The beta version has been scheduled for release multiple times, including once during the summer of 2006. This version will be available for Windows and Linux.
Warftpd is written by Jarle (”jgaa”) Aase.
See Also
List of FTP server software
Comparison of FTP server software
External links
Official Website
The author’s homepage
This network-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
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This page was last modified on 24 February 2010 at 10:19.
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)
Aviator Sports and Recreation is a concession for the National Park Service operating in New York City’s historic first municipal airport, Floyd Bennett Field, which opened its hangars in 1931 and was decommissioned in 1972. Floyd Bennett Field (FBF) in Southeast Brooklyn is now part of the 4th most visited unit of the National Park System: Gateway National Recreation Area. Many of the original airport structures and runways are listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places for their contribution to the nation’s early aviation history. In the late 1990’s the National Park Service (NPS) was seeking private partners to help revitalize the field.
Aviator Sports and Recreation and the NPS have established a plan to improve a favorite destination for early pilots such as Amelia Earhart and Douglas “Wrong Way” Corrigan. Aviator and the NPS officially began their relationship in 2003 to adaptively reuse 4 of FBF’s original hangars in the historic district (making them into one 170,000-square-foot (16,000 m2) building) and surrounding land, creating a sports complex totaling 25 acres.
As a historic site, the NPS has set forth strict guidelines in order to uphold the integrity of the airport hangars that are in use by Aviator Sports and Recreation. Any modifications made to the hangars in are intended to help the NPS deliver a family sports and recreation facility to the community, and adhere to the requirements set forth to preserve the original esthetic structure of the hangars. Aviator Sports and Recreation and the NPS have made a commitment to promote the airport’s history to ensure that the contributions of Floyd Bennett Field are memorialized for the education of all visitors to Aviator Sports and Recreation.
The New York Sharks of the Independent Women’s Football League and the Brooklyn Knights, member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League, began play at Aviator Field beginning in the 2007 season. The Brooklyn Aces will call the Aviator Arena home beginning in November 2008.
Contents
1Goals
2Facilities
3Programs
4Strategic Relationships
5External links
Goals
The goal of the NPS’s relationship with Aviator Sports is to bring a recreational alternative to the typical inner-city playground. This project was developed at a time when it is becoming increasingly difficult to find the space and responsibly run sports and recreation programs that allow for people of all ages to participate and enjoy a family friendly, safe environment.{cn} Aviator combines community based sports programming (clinics, camps, leagues, etc.), professional sports exhibitions, national and international tournaments, and special activities in one unique and multi-faceted venue. In addition to providing sports programming, Aviator is investing in youth development and health education via both interactive programs and seminars.
Facilities
Aviator’s Sports Facilities include:
2 full size, synthetic turf, gated and lit outdoor soccer / lacrosse / football fields
2 NHL regulation size ice rinks – one of which can seat up to 2,500 people
18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) of hard wood courts to be used for sports such as basketball, volleyball, team handball, and Futsal as well as for events such as banquets, conferences, and movie screenings.
35-foot (11 m) tall by 30-foot (9 m) wide rock climbing wall
15,500-square-foot (1,440 m2) gymnastics and dance training and competition center
A membership based fitness center that includes group classes such as Yoga and Pilates.
A sports performance center complete with a physical therapy / orthopedic physicians practice and highly skilled trainers for the most competitive of athletes.
8,000-square-foot (700 m2) mezzanine and sports bar that overlook both hockey rinks and the hardwood courts
“Main Street” walkway that includes a full service food concessions that feature famous food items from famous eateries from around Brooklyn as well as retail and a media wall.
Programs
Aviator Sports and Recreation hosts a diverse array of programs to accommodate a wide range of interests for users of all ages. Their venues support participatory activities such as gymnastics, cheerleading, dance, figure skating, recreational ice skating, rock climbing, basketball, volleyball, hockey, soccer, flag football, and lacrosse.
Strategic Relationships
Official consessioner of The National Park Service, servicing Floyd Bennett Field area of Gateway National Recreation Area,
Aviator Sports and Recreation has a relationship with a 501(c)(3), which provides opportunities and resources for youth and their families to participate in recreational, educational, and sports based camps, clinics, and leagues.
External links
Gateway National Recreation Area website at www.nps.gov/gate
Aviator Sports and Recreation website at www.aviatorsports.com
v•d•e
Current Stadiums in the USL PDL Northeast Division
Aviator Field (Brooklyn Knights) •Michael Tully Park (Long Island Rough Riders) •Clement Lemire Stadium (New Hampshire Phantoms) •Morris Catholic HS Stadium (New Jersey Rangers) •Lubetkin Field (Newark Ironbound Express) •Carey Stadium (Ocean City Barons) •Keith Harris Stadium (Ottawa Fury) •Pierce Memorial Field (Rhode Island Stingrays) •City Park Stadium (Westchester Flames)
v•d•e
Current Arenas in the EPHL ice hockey league
Aviator Arena (Brooklyn Aces) •Danbury Ice Arena (Danbury Mad Hatters) •Mid-Hudson Civic Center (Hudson Valley Bears) •Richard J. Codey Arena (Jersey Rockhoppers) •
v•d•e
Sports venues in the New York metropolitan area
Active
The Bronx
Draddy Gymnasium • Gaelic Park • Rose Hill Gymnasium • Yankee Stadium
Brooklyn
Athletic, Recreation & Wellness Center • Aviator Sports and Recreation • MCU Park • Pope Physical Education Center • Schwartz Athletic Center
Manhattan
Icahn Stadium • Madison Square Garden • Wien Stadium
Queens
Aqueduct Racetrack • Arthur Ashe Stadium • Belson Stadium • Carnesecca Arena • Citi Field • Louis Armstrong Stadium • Metropolitan Oval • USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center • West Side Tennis Club
Staten Island
Richmond County Bank Ballpark • Spiro Sports Center
Long Island
Belmont Park • Citibank Park • Island Garden • Mitchel Athletic Complex • Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
New Jersey
Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium • Izod Center • Louis Brown Athletic Center • Meadowlands Racetrack • Meadowlands Stadium • Mennen Arena • Prudential Center • Rutgers Stadium • TD Bank Ballpark • Waterfront Park • Yanitelli Center • Yogi Berra Stadium • Yurcak Field
Defunct
Bronx Coliseum • Capitoline Grounds • Coney Island Velodrome • Eastern Park • Ebbets Field • Dexter Park • Downing Stadium • Giants Stadium • Hilltop Park • Island Garden (Original) • Long Island Arena • Madison Square Garden (1879) • Madison Square Garden (1890) • Madison Square Garden (1925) • Madison Square Garden Bowl • Polo Grounds • Roosevelt Stadium • Rutgers Stadium (1938) • St. George Cricket Grounds • Shea Stadium • Singer Bowl • Union Grounds • Washington Park • Yankee Stadium (1923)
In progress
Red Bull Arena
Proposed
Barclays Center • Bergen Ballpark
Never built
Brooklyn Dodgers proposed domed stadium • West Side Stadium
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_Sports_and_Recreation”
Categories: 1931 establishments | 1972 disestablishments | Sports venues in Brooklyn | Indoor arenas in the United StatesHidden categories: NPOV disputes from December 2007 | All NPOV disputes
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kinderdine”
Categories: 1894 births | American football offensive linemen | Dayton Triangles players | Living people | Offensive lineman, pre-1900 birth stubsHidden categories: Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles
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This page was last modified on 22 January 2010 at 23:46.
2004-08-03 06:15:56 UTC
elapsed: 5 years, 7 months, and 8 days
Launch vehicle
Delta II 7925H-9.5
Launch site
Space Launch Complex 17-A
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
COSPAR ID
2004-030A
Home page
messenger.jhuapl.edu
Mass
1,093 kg (2,410 lb)
Power
450 W (Mercury orbit nominal)
The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) probe is a NASA spacecraft, launched August 3, 2004 to study the characteristics and environment of Mercury from orbit. Specifically, the mission is to characterize the chemical composition of Mercury’s surface, the geologic history, the nature of the magnetic field, the size and state of the core, the volatile inventory at the poles, and the nature of Mercury’s exosphere and magnetosphere over a nominal orbital mission of one Earth year.
The mission is the first to visit Mercury in over 30 years; the only previous probe to visit Mercury was Mariner 10, which completed its mission in March 1975. The MESSENGER has vastly improved scanning capability, with cameras capable of resolving surface features to 18 m (59 ft) across compared to the 1.6 km (0.99 mi) resolution of the Mariner 10. MESSENGER is an orbital mission, and will spend over a year imaging the entire planet; Mariner 10 was a flyby mission and was only able to observe the one hemisphere that was lit during its flybys.
The contrived acronym MESSENGER was chosen because Mercury was the messenger of the gods according to Greek mythology.
Contents
1Travel to Mercury
2Mercury observation plan
3Spacecraft and subsystems
4Scientific results
5References
6External links
Travel to Mercury
The launch of MESSENGER.
The Boeing Delta II rocket carrying MESSENGER lifted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida at 02:15:56 EDT on August 3, 2004. An hour later, NASA confirmed that MESSENGER had successfully separated from the third stage booster and commenced its roundabout route to Mercury.
Travel to Mercury requires an extremely large velocity change, or delta-v, because Mercury lies deeper in the Sun’s gravity well; a spacecraft traveling to Mercury is greatly accelerated as it falls toward the Sun, so there must be a mechanism to slow it. Mercury does not have an atmosphere thick enough to aerobrake on arrival. To make the trip feasible, MESSENGER makes extensive use of gravity assist maneuvers. These reduce the amount of rocket fuel needed to slow down, but greatly prolong the trip. For additional fuel savings, the thrust used for insertion into orbit about Mercury will be minimized, resulting in a notably elliptical orbit. Besides the advantage of saving fuel, such an orbit allows the spacecraft to measure solar wind and magnetic fields at a variety of distances from the planet, yet still get close-up measurements and photographs of the surface.
MESSENGER performed a successful Earth swing-by a year after launch, on 2 August 2005, with the closest approach at 19:13 UTC at an altitude of 2,347 kilometers (1,458 statute miles) over central Mongolia. On December 12, 2005, a 524 second long burn (’Deep-Space Maneuver’ or ‘DSM-1′) of the large thruster adjusted the trajectory for the upcoming Venus swing-by.
MESSENGER’s trajectory.
A view of Earth from MESSENGER during its Earth swing-by.
MESSENGER made its first flyby of Venus at 08:34 UTC on October 24, 2006 at an altitude of 2,992 kilometers (1,859 mi). A second flyby of Venus was made at 23:08 UTC on June 5, 2007 at an altitude of 338 kilometers (210 mi). On October 17, 2007, ‘Deep-Space Maneuver-2′ or ‘DSM-2′ was executed successfully, putting MESSENGER on target for its first flyby of Mercury. MESSENGER made a flyby of Mercury on 14 January 2008 (closest approach 200 km above surface of Mercury at 19:04:39 UTC), followed by a second flyby on October 6, 2008. MESSENGER executed one last flyby on September 29, 2009, that further slowed down the spacecraft. Mercury orbit insertion will be on March 18, 2011, beginning a year-long orbital mission.
During the Earth flyby, MESSENGER imaged the Earth and Moon and used its atmospheric and surface composition spectrometer to look at the Moon. The particle and magnetic field instruments investigated the Earth’s magnetosphere.
The spacecraft was originally scheduled to launch during a 12-day window that opened May 11, 2004, but on March 26, 2004, NASA announced that a later launch window starting at July 30, 2004 with a length of 15 days would be used. This was to allow more time for testing and spacecraft processing. This change significantly altered the trajectory of the mission and delayed the arrival at Mercury by two years. The original plan called for three fly-by maneuvers past Venus, with Mercury orbit insertion scheduled for 2009. The new trajectory features one Earth flyby, two Venus flybys, and three Mercury flybys before orbit insertion on March 18, 2011.
The navigation team is led by KinetX, Inc. of Tempe, AZ. KinetX is the first private company to be responsible for navigation of a NASA deep space mission. In that role, they are responsible for determining all trajectory adjustments throughout the probe’s flight through the inner solar system ensuring that MESSENGER arrives at Mercury with the proper velocity for orbit insertion.
Mercury observation plan
MESSENGER’s first image of the side of Mercury which was never seen by Mariner 10, from a distance of about 17,000 miles (27,000 km).
The nominal orbit has a periapsis of 200 km (120 mi) at 60 degrees N latitude, and an apoapsis of 15,193 km (9,440 mi), a period of 12 hours and an inclination of 80 degrees. The periapsis will slowly rise due to solar perturbations to over 400 km (250 mi) at the end of 88 days (one Mercury year) at which point it will be readjusted to a 200 km (120 mi), 12 hour orbit via a two burn sequence. Data will be collected from orbit for one Earth year, the nominal end of the primary mission. Global stereo image coverage at 250 meters/pixel resolution is expected. The mission should also yield global composition maps, a 3-D model of Mercury’s magnetosphere, topographic profiles of the northern hemisphere, gravity field to degree and order 16, altitude profiles of elemental species, and a characterization of the volatiles in permanently shadowed craters at the poles.
Once there, scientists hope to test a theory that the planet is shrinking, contracting on itself as its core slowly freezes. The probe will look for signs of surface buckling on Mercury’s unobserved hemisphere, as well as collect surface composition data on material that may have once spewed out of the planet’s interior. The idea that Mercury’s surface was somehow shrinking arose when Mariner 10 returned images of great scarps biting deep into the planet’s surface. One such scarp, Discovery Rupes, cuts 1.6 km (1 mi) into Mercury’s crust.
Spacecraft and subsystems
MESSENGER assembly installation of solar panels Astrotech.
MESSENGER was designed and built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). It is a squat box (1.27 m × 1.42 m × 1.85 m) with a semi-cylindrical thermal shade for protection from the Sun and two solar panel wings extending radially. A 3.6 m (12 ft) magnetometer boom also extends from the craft. The total mass of the spacecraft is 1,093 kg (2,410 lb); 607.8 kg (1,340 lb) of this is propellant (hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide) and helium. The structure is primarily graphite cyanate ester (GrCE) composite and consists of two vertical panels which support two large fuel tanks and two vertical panels which support the oxidizer tank and plumbing panel. The four vertical panels make up the center column and are bolted at their aft ends to an aluminum adapter. A single top deck panel mounts the LVA (large velocity adjust) thruster, small thrusters, helium and auxiliary fuel tanks, star trackers and battery.
Main propulsion is via the 645 N (145 lbf), 317 s bipropellant LVA thruster. Four 22 N (4.9 lbf) monopropellant thrusters provide spacecraft steering during main thruster burns, and ten 4 N (0.9 lbf) monopropellant thrusters are used for attitude control. There is also a reaction wheel attitude control system. Information for attitude control is provided by star tracking cameras, an inertial measurement unit, and six solar sensors. Power is provided by solar panels which extend beyond the sunshade. They are rotatable to balance panel temperature and power generation and provide a nominal 450 watts in Mercury orbit. The panels are 70 percent optical solar reflectors and 30 percent GaAs/Ge cells. The power is stored in a common-pressure-vessel, 23-ampere-hour nickel hydrogen battery, with 11 vessels and two cells per vessel.
Communications uses two small deep space transponders (SDSTs) operating at X-band. Downlink is through two fixed phased array antenna clusters, and uplink and downlink through medium- and low-gain antennas on the forward and aft sides of the spacecraft. Passive thermal control, primarily a fixed opaque ceramic cloth sunshade, is utilized to maintain operating temperatures near the Sun. Radiators are built into the structure and the orbit is optimized to minimize infrared and visible light heating of the spacecraft from the surface of Mercury. Multilayer insulation, low conductivity couplings, and heaters are also used to maintain temperatures within operating limits.
Five science instruments are mounted externally on the bottom deck of the main body: the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS), X-ray Spectrometer (XRS), Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA), and Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS). The Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS) is mounted on the side and top deck and the magnetometer (MAG) is at the end of the 3.6 meter boom. Radio Science (RS) experiments will use the existing communications system (see:Radio Science Subsystem).
MESSENGER’s onboard computer system is based on the Integrated Electronics Module (IEM), a device that combines core avionics in a single box. The spacecraft carries a pair of identical IEMs for backup purposes; both house a 25 megahertz main processor and 10 MHz fault protection processor. All four are radiation-hardened IBM RAD6000 processors, based on the IBM POWER1 CPU architecture (similar to that of older Macintoshes). The RAD computer is slow by current personal computer standards, but is capable of radiation tolerance required on the MESSENGER mission. For data storage, the spacecraft carries two solid-state recorders (one backup) able to store up to one gigabyte each. Its main processor collects, compresses, and stores on the recorder images and other data from MESSENGER’s instruments, which can then be sent back to Earth.
Scientific results
This article may need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (September 2009)
An image of part of the previously unseen side of the planet.
MESSENGER performed its first Mercury flyby successfully on 14 January 2008, and its second flyby on 6 October 2008, taking pictures with both the wide angle and narrow angle cameras as well as using some of its other sensors. Preliminary image results from this first pass can be viewed at JHUAPL’s MESSENGER Science Photos page.
On July 3, 2008, MESSENGER team member Thomas Zurbuchen announced that the probe discovered large amounts of water present in Mercury’s exosphere. “Nobody expected that. I don’t know a single person that did. We were astonished, just astonished,” Zurbuchen stated.
MESSENGER also provided visual evidence of volcanic activity on the surface of Mercury as well as evidence for a liquid planetary core.
MESSENGER performed its third and last Mercury flyby on September 29, 2009 with the spacecraft coming within 142 mi (229 km) of the planet’s surface. The inbound portion of the fly-by seems to have gone as planned, however sometime during the closest approach the spacecraft entered safe mode. Although this had no effect on the trajectory necessary for later orbit insertion it may have resulted in the loss of science data and images that were planned for the outbound leg of the fly-by. The spacecraft had fully recovered by about 7 hours later.
References
^Johns Hopkins University (12 December 2005). “MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus”. Press release. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=18956. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^Johns Hopkins University (17 October 2007). “Critical Deep-Space Maneuver Targets MESSENGER for Its First Mercury Encounter”. Press release. http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/2007/status_report_10_17_07.html. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^Johns Hopkins University (14 January 2008). “Countdown to MESSENGER’s Closest Approach with Mercury”. Press release. http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=115. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^ abEmily Lakdawalla (3 July 2008). “MESSENGER Scientists ‘Astonished’ to Find Water in Mercury’s Thin Atmosphere”. The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^“MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations”. MESSENGER Mission News. September 30, 2009. http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/details.php?id=136. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: MESSENGER
An unidentified patch of black on Mercury.
JHUAPL homepage - official site.
MESSENGER Mission Page - official information regarding the mission on the nasa.gov website.
MESSENGER Mission Profile by NASA’s Solar System Exploration
Mercury Flyby 1 Visualization Tool - see simulated views of the instrument observations planned during the flyby.
Mercury Flyby 1 Actuals - compares the simulated views to the images actually acquired by MESSENGER during flyby 1
Mercury Flyby 2 Visualization Tool - a simulation of what MESSENGER does on this historic flyby.
Mercury Flyby 2 Actuals - compares the simulated views to the images actually acquired by MESSENGER during flyby 2
MESSENGER Image Gallery - Check the latest Images from MESSENGER.
NSSDC Master Catalog entry.
Video from MESSENGER as it departs Earth.
Mercury Data Collected by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MESSENGER”
Categories: 2004 in space exploration | Active extraterrestrial probes | Discovery program | NASA probes | Mercury spacecraft | 2004 in spaceflightHidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating
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